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The world of optics shifted forever upon the realization made by Christian Huygens, a Dutch mathematician and physicist. In 1735, he observed that when light passed through glass, it ricocheted and divided into all the hues of a rainbow.

This phenomenon, known as refraction, is the science behind rainbows but it also explains why looking at a glass of water will show you a square shape.

A glass of water will act as a prism, refracting any light that passes through it. This happens because each color of light travels at a different pace, thus bending at a unique angle. Consequently, the vivid colors we observe when light passes through a glass of water can be attributed to this phenomenon.

Red light defiantly maintains its direction, while blue light curves its course. Whereas the former will move linearly, the latter bends easily, veering away from its initial path.

All the colorful lights of the universe will travel at their own pace; one shade may pass through the atmosphere more quickly, while another colorful hue might take more time before it reaches your eye.

When you look at a glass of liquid, you are viewing a tapestry of hues; the water is dispersing and curving the various colors of light, with blue prevailing over red. Thus, your gaze will be met with a rich, sapphire square telescope gleaming in the middle of the goblet.

What Makes The Square Pipe Blue?

Our observation of color is based on the design of the eye, which contains two forms of light-sensing cells: rods and cones.

Though tricked out with inability to interpret color, rods can still detect light and darkness. By contrast, cones need an extra dose of luminescence to make their contribution by sensing color.

When illuminating light becomes scarce, like you might experience when peering into a crystal glass of water, vision is mostly dependent on your rods – the part of the eye that cannot perceive color. Inevitably, everything appears as a faded shade of grey.

When you gaze at a glistening glass of water, your retina is registering the color blue most strongly due to its tendency to bend more than other colors. This absorption and refraction of blue light reveals the tube in its blue-hued glory.

But what are the consequences of increased illumination?

When the sun’s rays shimmer upon the surface of the water, your cones become activated and you can perceive a spectrum of colors that were previously invisible. A magical and awe-inspiring sight, as the light has been bent through the water and illuminated your view.

Among the visually contrasting pipes, you may recognize a red square, a green square, and a blue square. Positioned in the center is the blue pipe; its shades bend quite differently from the other two colors, as blue light refracts to a greater extent.

As you observe the awaiting glass of water, recognize the spectrum of colors bending and altering as they interfere with the H2O molecules. In particular, the cobalt blue radiance is demonstrative of blue light refracting more drastically than its red counterparts.

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